CAMBRIDGE IELTS 7 – TEST 3 – PASSAGE 1 Questions 1-6 TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN 1. Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do Keywords: same channels of communication, humans In the second paragraph, the writer says: “Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music).” This means that ants use chemical signals to communicate and humans use visual and auditory channels.

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Thesetwo channels of communication can be compared to each other, but they are not the same. => ANSWER: FALSE 2. City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence. Keywords: city life, encourages, intelligence In paragraph 7, the writer states: “Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles- the forcing house of intelligence- the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years” This means that city life is what encourages the growth of intelligence, so it is one factor encouraging the development of intelligence. + city life = urban lifestyles + the forcing house= factor that encourages the development of intelligence => ANSWER: TRUE 3.

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Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.

A After years in the wilderness, the term ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) seems poised to make a comeback. AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about AI, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype.

The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by AI researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research. B The field was launched, and the term ‘artificial intelligence’ coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field.

The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; AI unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.

C Most researchers agree that AI peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, AI researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence’ would be substantially solved.

Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. ‘There was undue optimism in the early 1980s,’ says David Leaky, a researcher at Indiana University. ‘Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.’ D Ironically, in some ways AI was a victim of its own success.